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CVE-2026-4598

A flaw was found in jsrsasign. A remote attacker could exploit this vulnerability by providing specially crafted zero or negative inputs to the bnModInverse function within the BigInteger.modInverse implementation. This could lead to an infinite loop, causing a permanent denial of service (DoS) by hanging the process.
Lifecycle PUBLISHED1 preserved revisionFact urn:baitaphish:canonical-cve-fact-revision:v2:2d00094d058a59ed8041ef94a2adbe21b59fbc6c3ffde3e63379cd3e423f4a5d
Known exploited
Not asserted
Disputed
No
Stale source
No
Conflicts
3

Preserved source conflicts

No provider value was silently selected as the winner.

affected · 9 assertions

{"product":"jsrsasign","vendor":"n/a","versions":[{"lessThan":"11.1.1","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/affected/0

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_virtualization:2.10::el9"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"migration-toolkit-virtualization/mtv-console-plugin-rhel9","product":"Migration Toolkit for Virtualization 2.1","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779139872","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/0

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.12","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1775253092","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/3

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.9","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779811473","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/6

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.15","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1775169219","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/4

{"product":"org.webjars.npm:jsrsasign","vendor":"n/a","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/affected/1

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel9","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.16","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779204086","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/5

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.1","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779822261","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/2

{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_virtualization:2.9::el9"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"migration-toolkit-virtualization/mtv-console-plugin-rhel9","product":"Migration Toolkit for Virtualization 2.9","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1778927462","versionType":"rpm"}]}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/1
cvss · 3 assertions

{"metric":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":7.5,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"NONE","exploitCodeMaturity":"PROOF_OF_CONCEPT","integrityImpact":"NONE","privilegesRequired":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:P","version":"3.1"},"metric_type":"cvssV3_1"}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cvss
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/metrics/0/cvssV3_1

{"metric":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackRequirements":"NONE","attackVector":"NETWORK","baseScore":8.7,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","exploitMaturity":"PROOF_OF_CONCEPT","privilegesRequired":"NONE","subAvailabilityImpact":"NONE","subConfidentialityImpact":"NONE","subIntegrityImpact":"NONE","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P","version":"4.0","vulnAvailabilityImpact":"HIGH","vulnConfidentialityImpact":"NONE","vulnIntegrityImpact":"NONE"},"metric_type":"cvssV4_0"}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cvss
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/metrics/0/cvssV4_0

{"metric":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":7.5,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"NONE","integrityImpact":"NONE","privilegesRequired":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","version":"3.1"},"metric_type":"cvssV3_1"}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cvss
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/metrics/1/cvssV3_1
cwe · 2 assertions

{"cweId":"CWE-835","description":"Infinite loop","lang":"en"}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cwe
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/problemTypes/0/descriptions/0

{"cweId":"CWE-1287","description":"Improper Validation of Specified Type of Input","lang":"en","type":"CWE"}

  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cwe
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/problemTypes/0/descriptions/0

Affected products and versions

9 source assertions
{"product":"jsrsasign","vendor":"n/a","versions":[{"lessThan":"11.1.1","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/affected/0
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_virtualization:2.10::el9"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"migration-toolkit-virtualization/mtv-console-plugin-rhel9","product":"Migration Toolkit for Virtualization 2.1","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779139872","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/0
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.12::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.12","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1775253092","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/3
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.9::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.9","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779811473","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/6
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.15::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.15","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1775169219","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/4
{"product":"org.webjars.npm:jsrsasign","vendor":"n/a","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"affected","version":"0","versionType":"semver"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/affected/1
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.16::el9"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel9","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.16","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779204086","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/5
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:quay:3.10::el8"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"quay/quay-rhel8","product":"Red Hat Quay 3.1","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1779822261","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/2
{"collectionURL":"https://catalog.redhat.com/software/containers/","cpes":["cpe:/a:redhat:migration_toolkit_virtualization:2.9::el9"],"defaultStatus":"affected","packageName":"migration-toolkit-virtualization/mtv-console-plugin-rhel9","product":"Migration Toolkit for Virtualization 2.9","vendor":"Red Hat","versions":[{"lessThan":"*","status":"unaffected","version":"1778927462","versionType":"rpm"}]}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5affected
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/affected/1

Provider-owned CVSS observations

3 source assertions
{"metric":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":7.5,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"NONE","exploitCodeMaturity":"PROOF_OF_CONCEPT","integrityImpact":"NONE","privilegesRequired":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H/E:P","version":"3.1"},"metric_type":"cvssV3_1"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cvss
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/metrics/0/cvssV3_1
{"metric":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackRequirements":"NONE","attackVector":"NETWORK","baseScore":8.7,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","exploitMaturity":"PROOF_OF_CONCEPT","privilegesRequired":"NONE","subAvailabilityImpact":"NONE","subConfidentialityImpact":"NONE","subIntegrityImpact":"NONE","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:P","version":"4.0","vulnAvailabilityImpact":"HIGH","vulnConfidentialityImpact":"NONE","vulnIntegrityImpact":"NONE"},"metric_type":"cvssV4_0"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cvss
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/metrics/0/cvssV4_0
{"metric":{"attackComplexity":"LOW","attackVector":"NETWORK","availabilityImpact":"HIGH","baseScore":7.5,"baseSeverity":"HIGH","confidentialityImpact":"NONE","integrityImpact":"NONE","privilegesRequired":"NONE","scope":"UNCHANGED","userInteraction":"NONE","vectorString":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","version":"3.1"},"metric_type":"cvssV3_1"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cvss
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/metrics/1/cvssV3_1

CWE assertions

2 source assertions
{"cweId":"CWE-835","description":"Infinite loop","lang":"en"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cwe
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/problemTypes/0/descriptions/0
{"cweId":"CWE-1287","description":"Improper Validation of Specified Type of Input","lang":"en","type":"CWE"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5cwe
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/problemTypes/0/descriptions/0

Source references

15 source assertions
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19375"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/7
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19409"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/3
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:19410"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/4
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:22840"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/8
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:23361"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/9
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6568"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/6
{"tags":["vendor-advisory","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:6720"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/5
{"tags":["vdb-entry","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-4598"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/0
{"name":"RHBZ#2450210","tags":["issue-tracking","x_refsource_REDHAT"],"url":"https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2450210"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/1
{"url":"https://gist.github.com/Kr0emer/a1bf5cd4547cc630d2dcc5e761de8264"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/references/2
{"url":"https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/commit/ca5b027240287a1e71fe63019fc4400332594323"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/references/4
{"url":"https://github.com/kjur/jsrsasign/pull/648"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/references/3
{"tags":["x_sadp-csaf-vex"],"url":"https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-4598.json"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/adp/1/references/2
{"url":"https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JAVA-ORGWEBJARSNPM-15812263"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/references/1
{"url":"https://security.snyk.io/vuln/SNYK-JS-JSRSASIGN-15370938"}
  • cve_program_cvelist_v5reference
    urn:baitaphish:normalized-source-record:v2:7d098d2295a007fda6578e28ca556a1610277daaac8acdaec0bbbba6df5472fc · sha256:04c6755d9090eb5b… · /containers/cna/references/0

Attribution and limitations

  • CVE Program CVEList V5: Reproduce the MITRE copyright designation and CVE license in copies. Source →

Provider severity values are preserved separately. Baitaphish does not convert them into a risk rating, infer affected products, or treat EPSS as observed exploitation.

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